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syllabus -
Classification of solids on the basis of different bonding groups Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, crystalline and amorphous solids, two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystal lattice and unit cells, packing capacity, density calculation of unit cells, complexation in solids, vacancies, cubic unit cells Number of atoms per unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and non-conductors and n and p types of semiconductors.
introduction -
The entire universe is made up of matter and energy. The matter is the making factor of the universe whereas energy is the factor governing its actions. On the basis of various experiments and theories, it has been proved that matter is made up of very fine particles.
These particles can be atoms, ions, or molecules.
These particles do not remain alone. Rather, the component of matter we are using consists of innumerable constituent particles, and the intermolecular forces acting between these particles give them a specific physical state. The three physical states of matter found on Earth are solid, liquid and gas.
On the basis of the flow of matter, the matter is divided into two parts, firm and liquid. Solids are said to be rigid because they do not have the property of flowing whereas liquids and gases combined are called liquids.
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| Solid State Introduction |
Factors determining physical state-
The physical state of matter in given conditions of temperature and pressure is determined by two opposite factors.
1. intermolecular forces
2. thermal energy |
In an ideal gaseous state, the intermolecular forces are absent and each molecule or atom moves in an independent state but in reality, no such gas is known. Under normal conditions, intermolecular forces are very weak as the strength of these forces increases In this way matter attains liquid and solid-state respectively i.e. matter starts changing from a gaseous state to a solid-state.
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| State of Solid, Liquid & Gas |
As the strength of the international forces increases, matter tries to attain a solid-state whose moving motion of its constituent units stops, as the heat energy increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, and the narrators become more dynamic, making the matter a liquid and a gas. Trying to get the status.
solid state-
The solid-state is the state obtained by the constituents of matter in which the intermolecular forces are so strong that their transfer motion stops, although the vibrational motion and rotational motion of these constituent particles keep happening. The system attains the state of minimum total potential energy.
The free energy in obtaining the solid state from the free gaseous constituent particles is called lattice energy, the higher the lattice energy of a solid, the lower the energy of that system and the more stable the solid is, the properties of the solid-state are its compressibility, viscosity. and mechanical strength.
properties of solids-
1. Solids are rigid, they have high density and mechanical strength.
2. Their size is fixed, mass and volume are fixed, and their fixed size does not depend on the size of the vessel in which they are kept.
3. Due to the strong intermolecular force, the positions of the constituent particles are fixed, they do not move while there are vibrations and rotational motions on their axis.
4. On heating, solids turn into liquids.